Watching An Excessive Amount Of Television - 935 Words

In recent discussions of watching an excessive amount of television, a controversial issue has been whether it is good or bad. On the one hand, some argue that it affects our mental and physical health. From this perspective, it is clear that heavy TV watching is not beneficial. On the other hand, however, others argue that a TV exposes you to important news and different cultures. In the words of Caron Andre, one of this views main proponents; â€Å"news, current events and historical programming can help make young people more aware of other cultures and people.† According to this view, Andre believes that TV can be beneficial to the watchers. In sum, then, the issue is whether TV has positive or negative effects on the viewers. My own view is that TV has many risk factors that are faulty in our society. Though I concede that some shows are valuable, I still maintain that excessive TV watching is detrimental. For example, it causes people to lose self-control and is a bad co mparison to real life. Although some might object that observation, I would reply that there is a significant connection. The issue is important because it is found in all of America. On the subject of heavy TV watching, it has the ability to lead to various problems. For example, In the Nation Of Vidiots, by Jeffrey Sachs’ he explains why TV is unhealthy by saying, â€Å"Certainly, heavy TV viewing is bad for one’s physical and mental health.† (442) The viewers not only waste their valuable time, but it canShow MoreRelated Television and Society Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision and Society In Marie Winn’s Essay â€Å"Television: The Plug In Drug,† she states, â€Å"Television’s contribution to family life has been an equivocal one.† Winn focuses on the issue of televisions influence in the lives of American families. Her emphasis is on the mediums influence on children. Although she makes a strong case for the negative influence of television, she fails to consider all of the benefits television has brought to American families. On its own, the television is neitherRead MoreHow Television Viewing Affects Children Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesHow Television Viewing Affects Children (Rough Draft) The Department of Education states that television is viewed an average of three to five hours per day by children. Too much television can have an everlasting affects on children, such as violent behavior, aggressive behavior, poor school performance, obesity, early sexual activities, and early drug and alcohol use. Television can affect children both physical and psychological (qtd. in Graham 1). Some argue that television does not affectRead MoreTv Addiction Essays1048 Words   |  5 PagesTV Addiction Marie Winn makes a convincing argument that watching too much television can be considered an addiction. Television has become a way of life for most families. Television viewing is so overwhelmingly prevalent nowadays that living without TV is often considered an extreme deprivation. TVs are everywhere, whether you are in a hospital, auto shop, or in the dentists office, theres always a television by the waiting area. Its a useful tool to help you from the boredom of waitingRead More Television Addiction Essay1028 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision Addiction Marie Winn makes a convincing argument that watching too much television can be considered an addiction. Television has become a way of life for most families. Television viewing is so overwhelmingly prevalent nowadays that living without TV is often considered an extreme deprivation. TVs are everywhere, whether you are in a hospital, auto shop, or in the dentist’s office, there’s always a television by the waiting area. It’s a useful tool to help you from the boredom ofRead MoreMedia Violence And The Media Essay864 Words   |  4 Pagesviolence may be especially problematic in late adolescence. Television and other media play a major role in adolescent socialization and identity development by providing perspectives, values, ideologies, and behavior models (Arnett G., Roberts D. et al.). The socializing role of television in particular may be ampliï ¬ ed by the large amount of time young people spend with this medium. Speciï ¬ cally, 18- to 24-year-olds spe nd more time watching television and movies than younger youth (Center for Research ExcellenceRead MoreEffects of Excessive Television Viewing769 Words   |  4 PagesCause amp; Effects of Excessive Television Viewing Is television good or bad for your health? What effects does TV have on children, teens and adults? It’s a good thing to watch TV, but it has to be for a certain amount of time. There are many adults who let their young children watch TV only, because they want to keep them entertained while they are busy. One thing that the parent doesn’t notice is that they are hurting their child more than what they think. Many teenagers these days get homeRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television882 Words   |  4 PagesThe Real Housewives that we cannot stop watching? After watching reality shows like this, it leaves people craving the next episode of the next week. Reality television producers are exploiting people by giving the public a â€Å"sense† of reality but not the real version of it, but rather exploit people and use stereotypes to make money for entertainment. The specific points of this argument is: the excessive amount of reality TV that can result in an extr eme amount of trash, the producers that presentRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesguest teaches your children to resolve conflicts through violence. The guest baby sits your kids and teaches them principles you don’t agree with. Does watching violence in TV is harmful for your children? Is it Ok to let the 2 year olds watch TV unsupervised? No says the American replacing baby sitters? Hypothesis: Extensive viewing of television violence causes children to behave in aggressive or harmful ways to others. Children model behavior they see in the media, she wrote in 1993. If kidsRead MoreThe Media And Entertainment Industries Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn the late nineteenth century, the television (TV) became one of the greatest innovations that was established by numerous individuals, so that the makers could advance technology through visual and audio communication. This would allow citizens to acquire information from economics and politics, which would benefit citizens by staying informed about specific topics. However, the media and entertainment industries would eventually expand their ideas for new channel stations, so that the industriesRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Children1733 Words   |  7 Pageson end. Televisions and Tablets are the twenty-first century babysitters. The average child spends an astounding 7.5 hours per day on some form of technology (Rowan 2), when the recommend allotted amount of time should be no more than two hours (Kaneshiro 1). Technolo gy is rapidly evolving, making limitless possibilities available for entertainment. This virtual â€Å"babysitter† enables the parents to devote all their time and effort into their work or engross in technology with limited amounts of distraction

Labor Costs And Its Impact On The Workplace Essay

Labor Expenses Even with the advances in technology the increased labor cost can be a reason a problem while involving the contractors for work, since it is usually a set of workers who can be hired for the extra hours of man work to e done at the plant. Or it could be the case where the part of a work that can be outsourced to a different location and the remaining part of production can be done simultaneously. Amgis had to face such a problem of increased production, but because of strict labor laws and union rules the company was not in a position to hire additional permanent employees nor make the employees work overtime. This led to a decision to outsource its production to a third party vendor to compensate the requirement of increased production. This decision eventually got the company into more cost problems than what was supposed to make its original employees work overtime. This consequently also affected the profit margin of the company irrespective of the good sales turnout. The manufacturing Leverage Index calculated by subtracting the production increase percent from the percentage change of casual labor cost was in negative leverage. Which usually is a bad precedent for the company s performance for Amgis, was highlighted through the KPIs. So in order to solve the problem the Six sigma methodology was deployed. In the define phase the current process map revealed that manpower that is required based on the demand for the product. Which in other words meansShow MoreRelatedThe Similarities and Differences between Biff and Happy1188 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Cost from the Industrial Growth in China In recent years, many studies have examined the eï ¬â‚¬ects of economic development on the health and mortality of people. Many studies have found that growth in income has positive eï ¬â‚¬ects on improving health and reducing mortality in developing countries. However, the eï ¬â‚¬ects of growth on workplace fatalities in developing countries has been ignored. Although the government alleges that workplace safety has improved, the number of workplace deathsRead MoreWorkplace Safety : Safety And Safety918 Words   |  4 Pages Organizational Safety Program Safety in the workplace has become a major focus on many organizations due to many accidents and deaths. When employees enter their place of work they expect to work in a safe environment in which they can work with our anything to worry about. As it is known that some workplaces are safer than others. Workplace safety is a priority in for most workplaces that is why employers care about employee’s safety. Workplace safety is a kind of management responsibility inRead MoreThe Impact of Labor Relations and Unions1685 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Introduction The impact of unions exceeds the direct benefits enjoyed by member workers. Changes brought about in the workplace through the influence of labor unions have been substantial and far-reaching. Labor unions have effected the perceptions of members of societies with regard to fair wages and total compensation, fringe benefits, workplace safety and protections, and acceptable parameters for workers with regard to age, gender, race, and nation of origin (Mishel Walters, 2003). RegardlessRead MoreDrug Testing in the Workplace1739 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Testing in the Workplace: A Costly Mistake Abstract The issue of drug testing in the workplace has sparked an ongoing debate among management. There are many who feel that it is essential to prevent risks to the greater public caused by substance abuse while on the job. However, others believe that the costs far outweigh the benefits and that it is an invasion of privacy. Putting all ethical issues aside, evidence presented in this paper supports the latter. The costs of drug testing areRead MoreAssignment Answer992 Words   |  4 PagesAnswer – Firms and individuals determine if it’s worth it to invest in capital improvements when the marginal product of capital is more than the interest paid on each unit of capital. Similarly, when the marginal product of labor is more than the wage rate of each unit of labor, until then the firms and individuals will keep on hiring additional workers. The individual will decide to work till the point where his wage rate received is more than the tax rate paid. 2. (Shifts of Resource Demand) ARead MoreEmotional Labor : Psychological Stress1115 Words   |  5 PagesControlling feelings to perform a job is called â€Å"emotional labor†. Acting in a positive way with consumers is a job requirement of many employees; demonstrating high energy, interest, eagerness, joy, and warmth. Always holding a smile and showing kindness. Even when there are obstacles and complaints, the interaction with a client, patient or student has to be as smooth as possible. In an attempt to hide real emotions, staff often engages in emotional labor. To complete this project information was gatheredRead MoreLegislators Argue That Employees Are Losing Out, Even Though1718 Words   |  7 Pagescollective bargaining agreements labor unions will create employee pension plans and other benefits. Due to the increase in pension and benefit plans per employee, businesses compare rates to the open market. After the retirement of employees, businesses are required to fund pensions because of pension plan agreements. Also, unions can increase pension and benefit plans when negotiating new collective bargaining agreements, continually raising this business cost. Interests the union itself may tryRead MoreTypes of Testing and the Impacts on Employers and Employees Essay example1633 Words   |  7 PagesTypes of Testing and the Impact on Employers and Employees The modern businesses entities operate in an environment that is highly competitive and dynamic. In this respect, organizations are always on the alert looking to attract the most suitable and capable personnel. Despite the fact that job seekers could have exceptional academic qualifications; employers put employees through vigorous and thorough assessments so as to assess the suitability, credibility, and the skills of the individualsRead MoreUnion vs Non-Union1321 Words   |  6 PagesUnionized and non-unionized organizations are quite different in how they regulate pay increases for employees. In 2-4 pages explain each one s strengths and weaknesses. What impact do unions have on the workplace and do you think union membership is going to increase or decrease over the next few years? Unionized organizations:- Union is a group of workers who have come together to make collective decisions about their work and their working conditions. Unions work based on the idea that groupRead MorePositive Effects Of Four Day Workweek1547 Words   |  7 PagesWork-life balance has been a popular topic for employees across all age and occupations for years, representing a rising concern of contemporary human resource management and labor policies. This topic has attracted the attention from the millennium generation, who is stepping into the market and beginning to grow a career. Therefore considering the increasing demand, well-designed workforce planning with diverse scheduling options offered to employees appears to be extra credits for most companies

Compare and Contrast China Free Essays

Compare and Contrast Essay The Mongols and the Franks similate in many different ways that lead to such rapid conquest throughout different regions in the world. Some of the similarities were how both of the famous rulers, Charlemagne (Franks) and Genghis Khan (Mongols) divided up their land to family descendants such as Kublai Khan. Some main areas in which they differ is through their way of living, culture and there religions that they practiced and allowed to be practiced such as Christianity and Islam. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast China or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Mongols and Franks have similar traits such as great rulers, which led to the conquest of massive land areas, and also being nomadic. They differ in agriculture techniques/ practices and religion such as Christianity and Islam. The Mongols and Franks raised their empires to be very successful in the manner of conquering many regions in a very quick time. The most important ruler for the Franks was Charlemagne and Genghis Khan was the one who started the Mongol reign throughout all of Asia. Another way that they also similate is through their nomadic lifestyles. The Mongols, as well as the Franks, traveled very quickly to maintain land in a faster manner and to increase the sizes of their empires. This increased trading routes and also led to many more diseases such as the bubonic plague. Although the Franks and Mongols shared great leaders, they have quite a few differences as well. One difference is that the Mongols were pastoral, which is living on horseback with their domesticated animals. On the other hand, the Franks were mainly an agricultural based society, raising livestock and using plows in the fields. Another way these to empires differ is through culture. The Mongols were tolerant of the cultures that they conquered, meaning that they let the people they conquered practice the religion/rituals the might do as long as they stay loyal to the Mongols. Meanwhile, the Franks gave the barbarians no say in what they can do in their free time. That means they were to all convert to Christianity or they will die. Simple as that. The Mongols also practiced Islam, along with Christianity, which would set another difference between these two diverse areas. In conclusion, the Mongols and the Franks had similarities in the rise of the empire and also had differences but these are what made each empire be successful for such a short period of time. How to cite Compare and Contrast China, Essay examples

Slavery Before the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade free essay sample

What is the difference between slavery prior to the 14th century with that of slavery after the 15th century? Slavery existed long before the original slaves came to America. In fact, slavery prior to the 14th century differed greatly from slavery after the 15th century. Slavery was essential to many economic and social structures. For example, ancient Greece and Rome had many slaves. They differed from the form of slavery after the 15th century, though, due to the background of their slaves. Slavery was not necessarily racial or ethnic in origin prior to 15th century slavery. It was often captured enemies of war from many different places. However, when the Trans-Atlantic trade began, the majority of the slaves were African. Another difference is that the Africans were treated as objects, whereas prior to the 14th century, they were not legally the same as objects. Another difference is the jobs that they occupied. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery Before the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, the majority of the Athenian slaves were domestic servants, but the majority of African Americans had brutal and tedious jobs such working in fields all day. Slaves were also used to enforce religions, such as Islam. The Ottoman Empire forcibly converted approximately one million non-Muslims. However, the main purpose of Africans in the Americas was primarily as a work force. A significant difference was that of the Aztec slavery. For them, slavery was not considered hereditary. Therefore, a slave’s child was free. After the 15th century, a slave’s child was still considered a slave: it was hereditary. Slave trade was different before the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade began.

Philippine Fruits Export Study free essay sample

The Bureau of Agricultural Statistics or BAS is an agency under the Department of Agriculture, which was started by government efforts to improve the agricultural database in the country. The Bureau provides the statistical records, results and changes of our Agriculture and it also provides technical assistance to end-users in accessing and analyzing product, market information and technology.Looking back, our country’s agricultural data system suffered from significant gaps, some duplications and occasional issues on the relevance of some data series to our exports and consumers. The Bureau of Agricultural Statistics is the principal government agency for the efficient collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of official statistics on agriculture and fisheries as inputs to policy and decision towards a sustainable agricultural development.Moreover, the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics is a credible agricultural statistical organization delivering high quality prod ucts and services by a competent workforce, using appropriate technologies to support the information needs of stakeholders. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Fruits Export Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Bureau of Agricultural Statistics were constructed because of three major reasons, first the agency responsible for agricultural statistics, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics or(BAEcon), was originally set up as a user rather than a producer of statistics. Second, the development of agriculture statistics received very low priority in the sharing of limited resources allotted to the statistical system and lastly the widespread duplication of statistical activities among government agencies resulting in conflicting figures and confusion among data users. To respond to these conditions, the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics was established as one of the seven bureaus of the Department of Agriculture under Executive Order No. 116 issued on January 30, 1987, to take charge of the production of statistics on agriculture, fishery and related field of our country.In the year 2000, the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics structural organization was strengthened and reoriented pursuant to the relevant provisions of the DA Administrative Order No. 6 series of 1998 in compliance with the provisions of the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act or RA8435 of 1997. Finally, this law designates the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics as the central information source and server of the National Information Network (NIN) of the Department of Agriculture. The researchers decided to focus on the fruits export of the Philippines, as it is one of the most important in our agriculture. The researchers also chose to study and analyze two samples which are the fruits export in the year 2008(Sample 1) and the fruits export of 2009(Sample 2). The researchers chose to study and analyze 11 kinds of fruits in each sample. The researchers want to test if there was a difference in the two related populations through hypothesis testing. There are numerous factors that may lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis of this study claims that the mean population difference is equal to zero, H0: D=0.Because the researchers want to prove that the fruit exports increased from year 2008 to year 2009, and because the difference is computed by subtracting year 2009 fruits export from year 2008 fruits export, the desired alternative hypothesis is Ha: D0. The study is significant for it will determine the factors that may lead to the possible change in the difference between the two dependent samples (fruits export of year 2008 and fruits export of year 2009). This study is also important for it will help the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics to determine how they can improve and increase the fruits export of the Philippines.The group will determine if there was a mean population difference between the two samples. If there was a change, the group will then compute for the confidence interval to estimate the difference between the two samples. The mean population difference will then determine the factors that may lead to this change. This will also help the Bureau of Agriculture determine the actions they should take in order for them to improve their fruits export. Moreover, this study will amplify the importance of fruits export in the Philippines. Problem IdentificationThe researchers want to determine and see if there was a difference between the two related populations. They want to determine and see if the exportation of fruits in 2009 was greater than the exportations of fruits in 2008. Furthermore, the researchers also want to prove their hypothesis that in the year 2009, it was better and therefore, had more exportation of fruits compared to year 2008. Summary of Data Gathering Methodology Fruits| 2008| 2009| Difference| Avocado| 6| 1| 5| Banana| 2,192,553| 1,664,055| 528498| Calamansi| 20| 34| -14| Chico| 4| 0. 9| 3. 1|Durian| 3| 1| 2| Jackfruit| 30| 25| 5| Mango| 20845| 20381| 464| Mangosteen| 1| 0. 9| 0. 1| Papaya| 2878| 2305| 573| Pineapple| 291676| 204505| 87171| Watermelon| 535| 549| -14| Values are in metric tons. Figures obtained from the Bureau of Agricultural statistics(http://countrystat. bas. gov. ph/selection. asp)| Using the formula for dependent samples, the researchers subtracted the fruit exports of 2008 from the fruit exports of 2009. The researchers got the mean sample difference by dividing the summation of the sample difference in pairs by the number of pairs.Using the t formula for dependent samples, the researchers came up with the observed value of 1. 17, which is lesser than the critical value of 1. 182. Since the researchers accepted the null hypothesis, it clearly indicates that there is a change between mean differences of two populations. There is enough evidence to conclude that the fruits export of year 2009 did not increase significantly compared to the fruits export of year 2008, as 1. 17 is very near to the critical t value of 1. 182. This result might be used by the Bureau of Agriculture to work more on the fruit exportation of the Philippines. The result also tells them to have extra effort in it, as it is a very important factor in the Philippine’s agriculture. Recommendations and Solutions For the improvement of fruit exportation of the Philippines, the researchers recommend that the Bureau of Agriculture invest more with it. The researchers suggest that they make projects specifically to increase the fruit exports of the Philippines. Furthermore, they should maintain these projects and continue to develop it in order for the number of the fruits export of the Philippines to increase significantly.

How Does Lord of the Flies reflect the Second World War essays

How Does Lord of the Flies reflect the Second World War essays William Golding wrote " Lord of the Flies " after the Second World War was over. Many of the things that Golding wrote about can be related to aspects of war. One of the major themes in the book is the power struggle between Jack and Ralph. In war this represents the two sides, the Allies and the Axis. Many objects that are found in the book can also be related to war. For example the conch represented law and order so that when it was broken, it was symbolic of law and order breaking down because the conch was so visual. This emphasised its broken state. One of the major points that Golding wrote about was the power struggle between the two main characters Jack and Ralph. Throughout the book they represented the breakdown of relations between England and Germany. When the boys crashed onto the island, Ralph was immediately voted as the leader because he was very handsome and, at first had somewhat of a rapport with the boys. This strongly represented England just before the Second World War had started. England was a very civilised country, with great industrial strength and a big empire with strong forces. She looked impressive compared to less modernised countries. Germany was still strong but they had a much smaller empire with much less power. The Germans were also still paying reparations for their actions in world war one and were coming out of a period of hyperinflation. Germany was envious of England and in "Lord of the Flies" the jealousy that Jack feels towards Ralph is enormous and represents the situation between Engla nd and Germany before World War two. Golding represents Hitler as Jack in the group of schoolboys. He conveys to the reader how cruel Jack is by showing us how a schoolboy can change into a murderer. A good example of this is in an early chapter we see that Jack is unable to kill the pig. When he finally does kill a pig, there is a significant change in Jack, which ultimately lead to the boys' downfall...

Price Controls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Price Controls - Essay Example Price ceiling refers to the highest amount that can be charged for a product. Ceiling price controls determines the highest prices that might be charged for a particular commodity but do not limit transactions at lower prices below the ceiling price. On the other hand, price floor is the minimum amount charged for the product. However, just like in the case of price ceilings, price floor controls do not limit transactions at higher prices above the floor price (Newberry, 09). The government agency may be encouraged to fix and enforce the exact prices for which certain commodity or commodities may be sold. Alternatively, the government through the agency-as discussed above-might decides to set ceilings and floor prices for particular goods or services. The market prices determined by the interaction of the demand and supply curves are the basic building blocks for most economies. Consumers taste for a commodity will determine how much of the product they will be willing to buy at a given price. Consumers tend to buy more of a commodity as its prices declines (Newberry, 87). Companies in turn, decide on how much they will be willing to supply to the market at different prices. If consumers agree to pay more for a commodity, then more suppliers will be tempted to produce the product. The increased prices motivate manufacturers to increase their production capabilities by conducting research to improve the quality of the products. Therefore, the supply of goods in the market increases with an increase in the product’s price (Wise, 32). This dynamic interaction provides the equilibrium market price of the commodity where sellers and buyers can transact freely. The price that results from this interaction causes the quantity of goods being demanded by customers to be equal to the supply produced by manufacturers. In most countries, the government is going through hard times trying to control prices for some commodities. For instance, one of the critical issues that were facing American citizens by the year 2001 was how to manage prescription drug prices, particularly for senior who depend on Medicare coverage. Some policy makers at the time tried to encourage the government to directly contract with drug manufacturers to purchase drugs for the seniors-at the government set prices. However, despite numerous attempts by the policy maker, that kind of price control proved to be harmful to the American citizens. Considering the above example and many other similar cases, this paper will try to analyze the problems associated with price controls (Wise, 145). 2. Constitutional Issues affecting Price Control It is a common practice that every gov ernment will always gain favor from the voters and its constituents when it lowers prices of any popular commodity (Age?nor and Carlos, 89). That is, prices to some extent limit the welfare of an individual as it will reduce the amount of products consumed. Therefore, lowering the price will definitely increase the welfare of consumers especially if the prices are for popular good within a country. The government also gains favor from firms and lobbyists when it raises prices of some goods-that will earn them profits. Given these benefits to policymakers, you should not be surprised on discovering that price control is a common practice in history of most Western economies (Age?nor and Carl

Do violent video games cause behaviour problems Essay

Do violent video games cause behaviour problems - Essay Example Kids, teens and adults all play these games and enjoy to the hilt, but various studies have shown that such violent game play affects the human mind rather severely. Teens suffering from various peer problems take out their frustration over these games and become more and more holed up by being in front of their computers or Playstation the whole day. Although video games are a great and innovative invention, every technology has its positive and negative aspects. Parents should guide their children in the correct manner to help them stay unaffected by the fictional world they are shown in these games. Also, the game makers at large should also keep in mind the dire aspects of their games and try and mellow them down a bit. As so many youngsters swear by such video games, they are a great way of teaching them so many useful things by developing games with a more practical storyline, and which involve something much more than just people blowing their heads

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study - Essay Example It has also been viewed that investing in water and energy conservation, replacing linen bed cover, pillow covers with cotton products, and most significantly renovation of the hotel with environment friendly products have helped in establishing eco-friendly environment attracting more customers. In-depth analysis of case scenario has further revealed about the benefits specially replacing non-toxic cleaning agent with the ecofriendly cleaning agent. Additionally, it was also found that the toxic material present within it can lead to the occurrence of critical diseases such as cancer, reproductive disorders, respiratory ailments, and eye and skin irritations. Additionally, it has been analyzed that the advanced environmental sustainability initiatives assist the hotel to generate new business with government, non-government agencies and corporate bodies. In this context, this further assisted the hotel to gain goodwill within the market, which ultimately resulted in its success. The cost incurred while installing the eco-friendly equipment’s can be expensive. However, it can be stated that cost would help in attracting more customers who are more conscious about the environmental matters or believe in eco-friendly activities (Lawrence and weber 484- 489). 2. Kimpton EarthCare program was develop with the prime motive of establishing an eco-friendly environment within the hotel by using superior quality, non-invasive, eco-friendly products and services at all the branches of the hotel located all over the United States of America and other countries of its establishment. The accelerated industrial activities along with rapid increase in adapting products that contribute harmful chemicals in the environment are forcing the common masses to adapt eco-friendly products to avoid healthcare issues. Additionally, it has been viewed that the government of different countries and non-government organization are adapting measurements to spread the awareness of ad apting eco-friendly products. In this regard Kimpton EarthCare program provides a new dimension in the hotel industry. This program not only adapts new measurement to introduce different nontoxic cleaning products but also aims on adapting practices that would help mainly focus on printing 35 percent ‘post-consumer recycled paper’, saving almost 24,000 pounds of woods. The program also plans to recycle 100 glass bottles every month that would help in saving energy equal of powering almost 100-watt light bulbs for 60 days. Additionally, the policy of recycling paper and to use soy ink to print on recycle paper and the plan to introduce organic coffee in all the lobby of the hotel would help in reducing cost and also help in attracting customers by providing them with the best quality product. The policy of replacing the normal electric bulb with energy efficient bulb would help in reducing 70 percent of the total energy consumed. It is also worth mentioning that adapting such a huge change would also help in attracting association towards the hotel which would indirectly help it

Science Empiricism Rationalism

Science Empiricism Rationalism The term social science is a misnomer which masks the necessarily different epistemic methods and ontological realities consistent with natural and social realms respectively. Critically appraise this claim In this essay I intend to dispute the notion that the term social science is a misnomer. Firstly, I will define social science, and then focus on the differences between rationalism and empiricism without whose existence there would be no epistemology. Empiricism will receive more attention due to the fact that that it has become the dominant epistemic approach, systematically and rigorously expressed through its offspring, ie ,materialism, sensism, positivism and naturalism. Second, I intend to allow ontological realities to manifest themselves through Kants articulation as both an empiricist and a rationalist. This will dispel uninteresting dichotomies and allow one to stand back, as it were, from ones own analysis of the topic. EPISTEMIC APPROACHES WITHIN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:Rationalism and Empiricism. According to Marshall social science is a general label applied to the study of society and human relationships†¦The designation of an area of study as a social science usually carries the implication that it is comparable in many ways to a natural science (1994 :493). The implication here is that natural and social reality can be studied in the same way because both realities consist of relationships between facts, eg, cause and effect. Note should be taken of the fact that rationalists and empiricists, despite their different approaches in their quest for knowledge, have both contributed immensely to the birth of different academic disciplines to which even modern day intellectuals subscribe. More interesting is that each of the two epistemic approaches claims their method of enquiry gives birth to valid information or certainty. According to Hamlyn rationalism ,whose founder is Descartes is an epistemological doctrine that puts weight on reason or understanding, as distinct from the senses or sense perception(1987:134).On the other hand empiricists believe the only source of knowledge is experience. John Locke held the view that the scope of our knowledge is limited to, and by, our experience(Stumpf,1983:254). RATIONALISM (i)Descartes: This philosophical movement was initiated by Descartes and carried on with varying degrees of thoroughness by Spinoza and Leibniz†¦(Hamlyn, 1987:134). A rationalist relies on logic and principles of reasonableness in order to arrive at a conclusion. One would clarify this by giving an example popularized by Rene Descartes that it is only in relation to thinking that I am certain that I exist(Hamlyn,1987:138).Descartes continues to maintain that existence must be a property of a being who is conceived of as possessing all attributes in perfection (Hamlyn,1987:141).Kant opposed this view citing experience was not a property of a thing in the way that Descartes supposes. Leibniz went further by maintaining that existence depends on whether that conception is coherent or involves a contradiction(Hamlyn,1987:140).One can partly agree with Descartes view that existence is a property of a being, but to say that its creator is perfect is a product of human imagination. Perfection, by th e way, remains an imaginary construct when taking into account the context in which Descartes states his case. For example, in order for one to be declared perfect, one has to adhere to the standard guidelines which should be followed in order to create a particular thing or use a previous model as a yardstick or even improve on it. It is ones belief that rationalism has not been a dominant epistemic approach. Kant and Locke, for example, have imbibed both epistemic approaches. To take it further most modern day individuals employ both approaches in their daily activities. (ii)Spinoza There was also another rationalist called Spinoza in whose views rationalism received its most systematic and rigorous expression. His main work was called ethics. According to Stumpf ethics is concerned with actions that can be labeled right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable, worthy or unworthy. Also, ethics, is concerned with ones personal responsibility, duty, or obligation for his behaviour(1983:1)His concern with ethics should be understood in its proper context in that both the means and goals of social science investigation are intrinsically bound up with ethical considerations, especially when conducting research involving human subjects, eg., protection of privacy through informed consent. According to Hamlyn Spinoza provides †¦a striking contrast with Descartes ,who had little concern with things ethical(1987:149).Spinoza felt that there are three kinds of knowledge, ie, knowledge of vague experience- when we generalize from casual and confused experience. The second kind is identified with reason, and the third one is intuition(Hamlyn,1987:152).The second and third kinds of knowledge reflect a rationalist view in that they are necessarily true, and reason regards things as necessary (iii)Leibniz According to Stumpf Leibniz was dissatisfied with the way Descartes and Spinoza had described the nature of substance because he felt they had distorted our understanding of human nature(1983:246).Spinoza defines substance as that which is in itself: I mean that the conception of which does not depend on the conception of another thing from which it must be formed(Stumpf,1983:241).Leibniz on the other hand takes it that substance as a basic form of existence must be absolutely simple ,for if it were complex it would be secondary to whatever it is composed of (Hamlyn,1987:159).This means that Leibniz and Spinoza somehow agree that substance should not depend on anything other that itself to exist. But one would argue that their view has defied logic in that every entity or substance is an offspring or a product of a particular thing. It is interesting that Leibniz, despite being a rationalist, sought empirical evidence to defend his principle that no two substances can differ solo numero (Hamlyn, 1987:162-163). He pointed to considerations that tree leaves are all different, and subscribed to similar evidence which was assessed through the newly invented microscope. EMPIRICISM According to Comte, empiricism is an epistemological doctrine that all knowledge proper must be subject to canons of verification in terms of experience(Hamlyn,1987:275). Marshall (1994:149) defines empiricism as a term often used, loosely, to describe an orientation to research which emphasizes the collection of facts and observations, at the expense of conceptual reflection and theoretical enquiry. This implies that knowledge must undergo rigorous interrogation so as to be sure that it has not defied science. Empiricism presents itself in four ways: Materialism, sensism, positivism, and naturalism. (i)Materialism: According to Marshall materialism means a range of metaphysical positions (philosophical views about the fundamental nature of reality)†¦Whereas in classical times matter had been opposed to form, the dominant early modern contrast was between matter and spirit or mind(1994:315).Thinking of societies in terms of physical or material properties may be called materialism. We must also explain nature in terms of materialism. (ii)Sensism According to Knight all materialists are of course sensists†¦Locke as one the empiricists, derives all simple ideas from external experience (sensations), all compound ideas modes, substances) from internal experience (reflection) (1999:1-see bibl.12 ).One can argue that sensism is problematic in that perceptions and judgements may differ with different individuals, leading to incessant speculation. (iii)Positivism The acknowledged founder of positivism was the French philosopher and social scientist Auguste Comte. He also came up with the invention of the term Sociology.In the context of positivism, positive facts are things that can be observed or measured. Positivists argue that only that which can be observed and measured can be studied†¦(Le Roux et al,1986:174).This means that positivists regard grounding as very important in positive facts. An example would be Durkheims statement that there is a relationship between social integration and suicide(Haralambos,1980:496).This is real in that integration of people from various backgrounds, with different cultures can cause tension , alienation and personality disorganization According to Keat and Urry several conventionalist philosophers of science have been influenced by the later writings of Wittgenstein, and realist philosophy of science has partly been developed from the standpoint of scientific realism, a position which is opposed both to logical positivism and also to the movement of analytical philosophy inspired by Wittgenstein, Ryle and Austin(1980:6).It must be understood that although the realist and the positivist share amongst others a conception of science as an empirically-based, rational and objective enterprise, there is an important difference between explanation and prediction. Keat and Urry say that, for the realist, a scientific theory is a description of structures and mechanisms which causally generate the observable phenomena, a description which enables us to explain them(1980:5) It is worth mentioning how these varying accounts of positivism and realism expose knowledge as an elusive concept. After ones acceptance of positivism as irrefutable conception of the natural science, realism demands that we discover the necessary connections between phenomena, by deconstructing the observable phenomena. According to Keat and Urry†¦we must get beyond the mere appearances of things, to their natures and essences(1980:5).In a nutshell one can say that we have to peel away layers of constructed meaning to reveal the underlying layers of meaning that were suppressed or assumed in order for the phenomenon to take its actual form. Focus will be on three empiricists: (i)John Locke:(1632-1704) According to Hamlyn, the purpose of Locke is to enquire into the original, certainty, and extent of human knowledge, together with the grounds and degrees of belief, opinion and assent, without meddling with the physical consideration of the mind(1987:168-169).This implies that he is concerned with the limits of human understanding and one is bound to believe that Locke does not want any kind of social construct to be attached to this process, so as to give it independence. According to Kenny, Locke is forever talking about ideas(1994:129).This is evident in his first book entitled Of Innate Notions which contains a sharp attack on the notion of innate ideas. Hamlyn says Locke is concerned with two things: (i)whether there is innate knowledge of principles; and (ii)whether what he sometimes calls the materials of that knowledge; the ideas on which the knowledge is based, are innate. That distinction between knowledge and ideas affects the whole Essay(1987:169).One might assume that Lockes preoccupation or obsession with ideas was prompted by his intellectual rival, Descartes, who according to Kenny wrote that an infant in its mothers womb has in itself the ideas of God, itself, and all truths which are said to be self-evident, it has these ideas no less than adults have when they are not paying attention to them, and it does not acquire them afterwards when it grows up(1994:128). One can argue that innate ideas do exist, and they mature with time because exposure to externalities. The outside world will decide on their validity. Marshall says that Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman, in The Social Construction Of Reality(1966), view social processes as a dialectic of externalization and internalization(1994:167).According to Stumpf, Lockess fellow empiricists Bacon and Hobbes had urged that knowledge should be built upon observation (1983:254).This means that knowledge should be a product of scientific enquiry. Locke discarded the notion that we all came here with a standard stock of ideas built into the mind(Stumpf,1983:257).He said the origin of his ideas is experience, and experience takes two forms, sensation and reflection. What he elucidated was that we cannot have the experience of reflection (mind taking note of its operations) until we have had the experience of the sensation (ideas). (ii)George Berkeley: (1685-1752) Berkeley was influenced by Locke although according to Kenny, his importance in philosophy is largely as a critic of Locke(1994:140).His principal criticisms focus on three heads: the notion of abstract general ideas, the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, and the concept of material substance(1994:140).Because of Berkeleys criticism, Lockes empiricism is reduced into a unique form of idealism. 1.ABSTRACT IDEAS Lockes view that words represent ideas and general words correspond to abstract general ideas has come under attack from Berkeley. Locke says in his Essay, that according to the representational theory, a general idea is a particular idea which has been made general by being made for all of a kind, in the way in which a geometry teacher draws a particular triangle to represent all triangles(Kenny,1994:140).There is also what Kenny calls the eliminative theory, according to whom the general idea is a particular idea which contains only what is common to all particulars of the same kind. Berkeley is interested in how Locke combines features of the two theories. According to Kenny, Berkeley says it takes pains and skill to form the general idea of a triangle-for it must be neither oblique nor rectangle, neither equilateral, equicrural nor scalenon, but all and none of these at once(1994:140).One can say that eliminative theory and representational theory are two sides of the same coin in that in eliminative theory, the idea becomes a general idea when the unwanted group is eliminated. With regard to the representational theory, an idea becomes a general idea when all subscribe to it. Kenny accuses both Locke and Berkeley of using the word idea to mean to mean indifferently a sense-experience, an image, a secondary quality, or a concept(1994:140). IDEAS AND QUALITIES We must move from the premise that one of Berkeleys views is that distance is not something immediately perceived but something constructed from certain orderly relations of the ideas of different senses in the mind. According to Shand, the equating of ideas with sensible things, which thereby makes sensible things mind-dependent, eliminates each of the following forms of skepticism produced by materialism and Cartesianism(1993:132): (a)The existence of sensible things. The problem is solved because the skeptic cannot drive a wedge between ideas if the objects of sense are ideas. (b)The nature of sensible things. Science aspires only to map the regular correlations between ideas ,that is between phenomena. (c)The existence and nature of God. The problem is eliminated by making God indispensable. Gods existence is seen as the real cause of those ideas that are not caused by our imaginations and as the sustainer of those ideas we do not actually perceive, the supposition that God does not exist is refuted by almost every experience we have. (d)How matter and spirit can interact. This problem is eliminated by denying the existence of material substance; then the problem of interaction between spirit and matter simply does not arise(1993:132-133) The implication here is that Berkeley believes that anything that can be sensed actually exists. THE CONCEPT OF MATERIAL SUBSTANCE (i) One should also note that Berkeley is an opponent of materialism. According to Shand, Berkeley it is impossible for matter to have only primary qualities such as extension, solidity, movement. He believes that we cannot conceive of a shape which is no colour, and therefore the conception of matter required for materialism is impossible. He instead suggests that all matter should have all secondary qualities, from which primary qualities cannot be separated (1993:133).One can assume that he is referring to qualities such as weight, sound, taste and identity. To say that every matter must be able to move is not accurately correct in that not all matter is a living organism; (ii) Berkeley says that what exists has got to be a product of something. In his own words he argues that it is a logical contradiction to talk of conceiving of a thing which exists unconceived (Shand,1993:133).But Shand sees this as a fallacious argument in that it is not possible for A to be conceived of, and at the same time both exist and be a thing unconceived, but that does not mean at some other time A could not exist as an unconceived-of A, thus there is nothing contradictory in A existing unthought about (1993;133).This means that A does not necessarily have to be thought about in order to exist. (iii) Berkeley argues that if secondary qualities (colour, taste, heat, sound, etc.) are ideas in the mind, as Locke does, then the same applies to primary qualities (shape, size, motion, solidity),for these two vary with the observer (Shand, 1993:133).Colour is arguably not an idea in the mind because one can see it. It is not clear whether, according to Berkeley, secondary qualities also include things that one cannot touch. (iv) This argument pertains to pain and heat. Berkeley holds the view that when we are close to the, heat is felt as pain in the mind, and when we are a distance away the heat is merely felt as warmth (Shand,1993:133-134).The argument here is that since the pain is not in the fire, then it must be in the mind. (v) Berkeley compares the notion of matter with what Locke has to say about substance in general. Locke suggests that substance is characterized by being the support of all qualities, the qualities cannot subsist alone. But Berkeley argues that an attempt to give substance a positive characterization is impossible, since to do so would attribute qualities to it. This would render substance a qualityless something. Although Berkeley sees this as a perfectly flawless argument, he believes that no materialist would suggest that matter is qualityless (Kenny,1994:134).This would mean that substance and qualities cannot exist in the absence of the other. DAVID HUME (1711-1776) He is said to have carried empiricism to its fullest expression. He believed the scientific method could lead us to a clear understanding of human nature and in particular the workings of the human mind(Stumpf, 1983:270-271).Some commentators find it difficult the precise position of Hume. The difference with Hume was that if we used the scientific method to determine truth, we must according to Stumpf, accept the limits of knowledge(1983:272).Probably he was expressing doubt about the efficacy of scientific enquiry in clarifying pertinent issues. According to Hamlyn, the doctrine that every simple idea is derived from simple impression is the center-point of Humes empiricism, and that it is crucial for his philosophy(1987:190).Both Hume and Locke opine that impressions are of sensation but disagree on reflection because Humes account seems different from Lockes. He (Hume) holds the view that impressions are distinguishable from ideas by their superior force and vivacity(Hamlyn,1987:190).This might be the case because of the complexity of impressions. Hamlyn sees this as a very important principle, and one which Hume inherited from Berkeley which is :one cannot distinguish between impressions and ideas by reference to anything outside them, only by internal properties such as their liveliness(1987:190).One can simplify this by making reference to pain. The only person who feels the pain is the one who is hurt and nobody else. One cannot for example, merely look at the husband and confirm that the wife is feeling pain , nor can the husband know how much pain is felt by the wife. NATURALISM According to Knight, naturalism consists essentially in looking upon nature as the one original and fundamental source of all that exists, and in attempting to explain everything in terms of nature(1999:1). What this means is that all events find their satisfactory experience within nature itself. There are two traditions that claim to understand the problem of naturalism. These are the naturalist and anti-naturalist traditions. The former claims that the sciences are (actually or ideally) unified with positivist principles. For the latter the subject matter of the social sciences consists essentially of meaningful objects, and their aim is the elucidation of the meaning of these objects(Bhaskar, 1979:241). A naturalist traditions association with positivist principles means that it relies on measurement and observation in order to study a phenomenon. The anti-naturalist tradition, one would argue, looks beyond observable phenomena by enquiring as to what the object is made of. Bhaskar argues that the two disputants ironically share a common error in accepting an essentially positivist account of natural science, or at least an empiricist ontology. One would argue that there is nothing wrong in adopting a positivist approach when interrogating natural science, because essentially positivism deals with things that can be observed and measured. It must be understood that there is a fundamental contrast between social and natural science. With regard to the latter the discovery of intelligible connections in its subject matter is not equally the goal of natural scientific explanation(Bhaskar,1979:2). Instead this applies to social science. It is argued that the recent developments in the philosophy of science permit a reconsideration of the problem of naturalism(Bhaskar, 1979:3). These could be the varying views brought about by the naturalists and anti-naturalists. For example, Winchs anti-naturalism depends on empiricist theories of existence and causality. Now Bhaskar argues that if science employs a causal criterion for ascribing reality and causal laws are tendencies, his contrast collapses(1979:3). This means that if causal laws apply to science, then it applies top both natural and social science, and more important is it has become a tendency; Bhaskar defines naturalism as the thesis that there is (or can be) an essential unity of method between the natural and social services. It has two species: reductionism which asserts that there is an actual identity of subject matter as well, and scientism, which denies that there are any significant differences in the methods appropriate to studying social and natural objects, whether or not they are actually (as in reductionism) identified (1979:3).What is noteworthy is that these factions of naturalism talk in universals almost to a point of denying an opposite view the right to existence. In a nutshell, science is just whatever scientists do, and it is expected of them to differ in the way they solicit knowledge. ONTOLOGICAL REALITIES Marshall defines ontology as anyway of understanding the world, or some part of it, must make assumptions(which may be implicit or explicit) about what kinds of things do or can exist in that domain, and what might be their conditions of existence, relations of dependency, and so on(1994:367).He goes on to say the core of the philosophical project of metaphysics is to provide an ontology of the world as a whole. One will note that by focusing on the world as a whole, there will be a systematic arrangement of the relations between the social and natural sciences. Focus will be on Kant because he is both an empiricist and rationalist. KANT We must move from the premise that Kant is both an empiricist and a rationalist, in that he tried to reconcile rationalism empiricism by arguing that while knowledge itself comes from experience, the mind uses reason to structure knowledge(Prof. McLeary, see bibliography-No.11).Kant is described as a person who was more interested in science than philosophy, with the aim of making it truly scientific(Kenny, 1994:167).This shows that he really is both an empiricist and a rationalist in that he felt philosophy should also undergo the same rigorous interrogation as other academic disciplines, including the natural sciences. According to Kenny the distinction between a priori and a posteriori is central to Kants undertaking. A priori knowledge which is independent of all experience†¦In addition to a priori knowledge there is also empirical knowledge, knowledge derived from experience which Kant calls knowledge a posteriori'(1994:167).With regard to a priori knowledge, one can cite space as an example because yet one knows it exists. A posteriori refers to things we have seen, or touched or even felt. According to Shand, knowledge for Kant, as for Leibniz, had to be necessary and universally valid(1993:161).We are tempted to believe that if information was not universally accepted as fact, then it would not be regarded as knowledge. Kenny says Kant regarded all of mathematics as belonging to this realm: arithmetic and geometry were synthetic, since they extended our knowledge widely beyond pure logic, and yet they were a priori, deriving not from experience but from intuition(1994:168).This is an interesting philosophical statement in that two contradictory phenomena are combined to produce something qualitatively new, independent of experience, an understanding of which does not require one to be taught or even think hard.coeb ebr seebebw oreb ebk ineb foeb eb! Kant says there are two pure forms of sensible intuition, serving as principles of a priori knowledge, namely space and time(1994:169).It must be noted that both time and space can never be touched. After having asked himself what time and space were, he then came up with the answers. He made a distinction between a metaphysical exposition of an a priori concept and a transcendental exposition. Marshall defines metaphysics as a philosophical project which devises theory of the nature or structure of reality, or of the whole world. Transcendentalism is the belief that God stands outside and independent of the universe of which he is a creator(1994:325538). Kant says that the metaphysical exposition of space and time tells us that space and time are presupposed by, not derived from, experience; that we can imagine space and time without objects, but not objects without space and time, and that there is a single space and a single time, infinite in each case(Kenny, 1994:169).We are bound to believe that objects would not exist if space was non-existent, and that they have time within which they can exist. The transcendental exposition of the concepts of space and time shows how we can know truths about space and time which are not analytic and yet are a priori(Kenny, 1994:169). The implication here is that we do not necessarily have to experience a thing in order to know that it exists. CONCLUSION It has become apparent that social enquirers happen to tamper with the supposed objective enquiry by allowing their personal values to feed into their conclusions. Accepting that matters of value are matters of fact, their values must be correct. The mushrooming of social study over the last 100 or 150 years was partly inspired by the notion that social study was a matter of searching for general laws(Pratt, 1978:72).General laws, one would argue, are rather required by the natural sciences. With regard to social science, a particular kind of human behaviour cannot always be attributed to a particular kind of a problem. Suicide, for example, is not seen by every person as a solution to marital problems. Also, capital punishment does not necessarily deter potential murderers. Within natural science it is usually possible to use rigorous investigative techniques by bringing the objects under study into the laboratory. It is not as easy with humans, because one has to get approval from eg, the individuals themselves or the ethics committee. In a nutshell, we cannot employ the methods of the natural sciences in understanding the social world. This is evident in Winchs statement that †¦whereas the scientist investigates the nature, causes and effects of particular real things and processes, the philosopher is concerned with the nature of reality as such and in general(Hindess,1977:3).The two methods are inextricably intertwined despite their different approaches in their quest for valid knowledge and ability to predict. To declare social science a misnomer is arguably inaccurate in that both epistemic and ontological enquiries are social products employed in pursuit of knowledge for the benefit of society. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Bhaskar, R. 1979. The Possibility of Naturalism:A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences. Atlantic Highlands, N.J. :Humanities Press. 2. Hamlyn, D.W. 1987. A History of Western Philosophy. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 3. Haralambos, M Holborn, M.1980. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London. University Tutorial Press. 4. Harris, E.E. 1969. Fundamentals of Philosophy. George Allen Unwin Ltd. Great Britain. 5. Hindess, B.1977. Philosophy and Methodology in the Social Sciences. Sussex : The Harvester Press. 6. Keat, R Urry, J.1980.Social Theory as Science. Boston :Routledge Kegan Paul. 7. Kenny, A.1994. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Western Philosophy. Great Britain :Oxford University Press. 8. Le Roux,T., Romm,N. Uys, T.1986. Sociology.Pretoria : Unisa. qtiSgzkEX Visit coursework de in de fo de for de more hypothesis de Do de not de redistribute qtiSgzkEX 9. Marshall, G.1994. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. Great Britain :Oxford University Press. 10. Pratt, V. 1978. The Philosophy of the Social Sciences. New York: Methuen Co. 11. Shand, .J.1993.The philosophy and Philosophers. Harmondsworth :Penguin Books. 12. Stumpf, S.E.1983. Philosophy :History and Problems. New York. McGraw Hill, Inc. 13. Philosophy of Science, 2001.Philosophical Schools. http://mrrc.bio.uci.edu/se10/schools.html. 14. Catholic Encyclopedia.2002. Empiricism. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05407a.htm.

A Comparison of the Culture of Things Fall Apart and Western Culture :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Culture of Things Fall Apart vs. Western Culture Many societies have beliefs rooted deep in ancient religion. Some beliefs include polygamy, polytheism, and patriarchy, or rule by men. One such culture is that of Achebe's Things Fall Apart. Polytheism and polygamy are custom in the clan, and the role of each family member is very defined. The men are overly domineering. The women and children are treated poorly and often beaten. Life in Achebe's Umuofia would seem very different to someone living in modern day America. Chinua Achebe's 1959 novel, Things fall Apart, takes place in the 1890s, just before British colonization. The novel focuses on the nine Ibo-speaking villages of Umuofia, which is Ibo for "People of the Forest." Umuofia is the village in which Okonkwo, Achebe's protagonist, prospers in everything and is able to secure his manly position in the tribe. Now known as Nigeria, this land was a primitive agricultural society completely run by men. Umuofia was known, and as Achebe says, ."..feared by all it's neighbors. It was powerful in war and in magic, and priests and medicine men were feared in all the surrounding country" (11). Perhaps, its most powerful and feared magic was called .".. agadi- nwayi, or old woman it had its shrine in the centre of Umuofia ... if anyone was so foolhardy as to pass by the shrine past dusk he was sure to see the old woman"(12). The people of Umuofia are very devoted to their religion and their magic. These ancient beliefs were believed to give the people some sort of power over their oppressors. One custom of Umuofia that would be very different from Western culture is Polygamy, the practice of having many wives. This custom is practiced in the connected nine villages of Umuofia. In fact, a man's wealth is partially measured by the number of wives he has. A wealthy man described in Things Fall Apart, had nine wives and thirty children. Okonkwo had three wives and eight children. Polygamy is not something many Americans are accustomed to. Western culture teaches that monogamy, as opposed to polygamy, is the proper, accepted form of marriage. Western culture places that morality into it's people, often from youth.